HYDROCARBON VOLATILE OILS

CUBEB

Syn Tailed pepper.

B.O Piper cubeba

Family Piperaceae.

P.U Dried fully-grown unripe fruit.

Habitat Java, Smatra, Srilanka and other parts of East Indies.

Constituents:

It yields about 10-18% of volatile oil containing terpenes and sesquiterpense, resins, amorphous cubebic acid and colourless crystalline compound cubebin. Cubebic acid is coloured purple red when treated with H2SO4 while cubebin is coloured cherry red with the same reagent.

Uses:

Diuretic, Expectorant, Genito-urinary antiseptic. It is used as remedy for gonorrhoea after acute inflammation. It is also used in cystitis, piles and chronic bronchitis.

TERPENTINE OIL

Syn Oil of turpentine

Turpentine tincture

Turpentine spirit.

B.O Pinus Longifolia Roxb.

Pinus roxburghii Sargent.

Pinus excelsa wall.

Family Pinaceae

Order Coniferales

Class Coniferopsida.

Sub. Division Gymnosperm

Tracheophyta (Spermophyta)

P.U Oleoresin obtained from plant.

COLLECTION:

Pinus oleoresin is a normal i.e. physiological product of pine. The amount produced is generally enhanced by injury or by treatment with 50% H2SO4. It is secreted in plant tissues in specific cavities or resin ducts. These ducts are frequently located directly beneath the cambium in the sapwood marked by a distinct layer of secretary cells. This is called resinogerious layer, secrete the resin into the cavity through a thin circular integument. The cavities are themselves formed either in a schizogenous or lysigenous fashion.

These are anastinosing in nature. When one of the passages is open as in wound from a distance. The acid treatment crumpled the thin walled parenchyma.

This permits the duct channel to become larger providing a more rapid flow of oleoresin and two methods of collection have been used;

1. Box method.

2. Cup and gutter method.

BOX METHOD:

It is very old method, which was previously used in many countries. A large box was cut in the trunk and blaze cut about it. The length of which was increased from time to time. The oleoresin, which was collected in the box, was removed at intervals with a dipper and sent in barrels to the distillery. This method is often baseful causing destruction of most areas.

CUP AND GUTTER METHOD:

This method with different modifications is used in different countries. A series of ‘V’ shaped incisions are made in the trunk of the tree of a distance of about one-foot. The bark and young wood being removed so that a blaze or a groove is formed in the trunk. This is usually done early in the year. At the base of incision and aluminium earthen ware cup is fixed in the trunk and two strips of galvanized iron or aluminium are inserted about to deflect the flow of oleoresin into the cup. The length of the blaze is increased and the cups are moved higher up the trees and now grooves are started with the older ones. As the cups become filled, their contents are emptied into the barrels, which are delivered to the distillery where the turpentine oil is removed by steam distillation, and the resin become rosin.

CHARACTERISTICS:

Turpentine oil is colourless liquid possessing a characteristic odour and taste. It is soluble in alcohol and has a specific gravity of 0.854-0.868 at 25C.

CONSTITUENTS:

Turpentine consists of Dicyclic monoterpenes such as d & L a-pinene and camphene. It also contains monocyclic monoterpenes such as dipentene and methyl carbachol and also bormyl acetate etc.

USES:

Turpentine oil is now rarely given internally. Externally it is used as counter irritant, rubifaciant in lotions, also as mild antiseptic. It is also used as solvent for waxes in the production of synthetic camphor, shoe polishes and furniture polishes.

RECTIFIED OIL OF TURPENTINE:

It is turpentine oil rectified by distillation from an aqueous solution of NAOH and terpinol oil. Terpinol oil is found by the action of nitric acid on rectified turpentine oil in the presence of alcohol. Rectified turpentine oil and terpinol both are used internally as diuretic, urinary antiseptic, antihermatic, and expectorant.

Turpentine oil itself is used in industry as solvent for waxes in the production of synthetic camphor, shoe polish and furniture polish.